Ngā Rauropi Whakaoranga

Aspidium richardi

pikopiko, pīpiko, tutoke (Best 1907) 

black shield fern, shore shield fern, common shield fern

Young shoots (called pikipiko) eaten (e.g. referred to in Te Rangi Hiroa 1949).

Young curved shoots of fern (Williams 1971). Refers commonly to Polystichum richardii but also used in a generic sense for young shoots of fern used for food.