Ngā Rauropi Whakaoranga

Terms from Best 1907:

parae: forest lands

pakahi: open land, with nothing taller than grasses, sedges, rushes.

mania: treeless country with fern or scrub

hūnua: high-lying forest lands

uruora: forests of lower country, which may also be very hilly. Prolific bird-life.

whenua pua, sometimes simply pua: land with great quanitiy of seeds, berries, on which birds feed and fatten.

toiora: unproductive forest, hūnua lands.

rake: poor, high-lying lands, such as upper slopes and summits of high ranges, with only a thin layer of soil on rock.

pukahu: fibrous, spongy mass of rootlets, moss etc that covers the ground in beech forests on the summits of ranges.

akeake: poor, sterile, surface-matter on soil

tātāhou: virgin soil

pātohe: soil exhausted by cultivation; fallow

tawhao, urarua: scrub or bush

heuheu, mōheuheu: the growth of scrub and fern over tracks.

arawheu: the summer months when paths are much overgrown.

waipapa, waiheuheu: secondary growth

tāwhaowhao: driftwood

uru rakau, motu rakau: a clump of trees, a small wood

taita: single log or tree across a track

taiha: mass of fallen trees, or drift timber in a river-bed.